Which of the following is an accurate description of the differences between older and newer scholarly interpretations that seek to characterize the latter centuries of the Ottoman Empire?

A. Older interpretations emphasize decline and stagnation, whereas newer interpretations focus on adaptation and transformation.
B. Older interpretations view the Ottoman Empire as a monolithic entity, while newer interpretations highlight its diversity and complexity.
C. Older interpretations attribute the empire's decline to external factors, whereas newer interpretations consider internal dynamics as well.
D. Older interpretations portray the Ottoman Empire as a failed state, while newer interpretations recognize its enduring influence and legacy.



Answer :

Final answer:

Older interpretations focused on Ottoman decline, while newer views emphasize political and religious tensions with other powers.


Explanation:

Older scholarly interpretations of the latter centuries of the Ottoman Empire often focused on military decline, with European Enlightenment thinkers viewing the Ottomans as 'oriental despots.' Meanwhile, the eighteenth century saw an increase in Turcophilia in arts and culture, leading to a mix of positive and negative European attitudes towards the Ottomans due to their wealth and refinement.

Newer scholarly interpretations, on the other hand, highlight political and religious tensions between the Ottomans and Safavids, reflecting on the Ottoman Empire's intricate place in European history and its gradual decline, eventually earning it the moniker 'sick man of Europe.'

Exploring European perceptions of other civilizations like China and Safavid Persia during the same period provides a broader context for understanding the evolving views on the Ottomans in the latter centuries.


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