Liszt, Brahms, and Bruckner each believed that:

A. The kind of program music developed by Berlioz was an artistic dead end.
B. The four-movement Classical symphony was the ideal orchestral genre.
C. Traditional techniques of counterpoint ought to be displaced by techniques of thematic transformation in new music.
D. Beethoven's symphonies offered a paradigm for their own compositional techniques.
E. A chromatic harmonic idiom was necessary for composing modern music.