Final answer:
Émile Durkheim, Ibn Khaldun, and the foundations of sociology.
Explanation:
Émile Durkheim, along with Karl Marx and Max Weber, is commonly referred to as the father of sociology for formally establishing the academic discipline. In the 14th century, Ibn Khaldun laid the foundation for modern sociology and economics by proposing a theory of social conflict and exploring the connection between social cohesion and power. His work influenced the development of sociology and challenged conventional authorities.
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