Photosynthesis is the biological process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy, specifically glucose, while releasing oxygen as a byproduct. It occurs in two main stages:
1. **Light-Dependent Reactions:**
- Take place in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.
- Chlorophyll and other pigments absorb light energy, which excites electrons.
- Water molecules are split into oxygen, protons, and electrons (photolysis).
- ATP and NADPH are produced as energy carriers.
