In 1885, European leaders at the Berlin Conference agreed to the rules for dividing African territory. How did this agreement change the geographic characteristics of Africa?

A. Large wildlife reserves were created throughout Africa.
B. Ethnic groups were able to keep their existing land holdings.
C. The deserts were reduced as a result of European land use practices.
D. Boundary lines were determined by political claims rather than cultural characteristics of regions.

The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 marked a significant turning point in the colonization of Africa by European powers. The conference, organized by Otto von Bismarck, led to the division of Africa into spheres of influence and the establishment of colonial boundaries. This agreement resulted in artificial political boundaries that often cut across existing cultural and ethnic regions, impacting the geographic characteristics of Africa.

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