How did the growth of cities and commerce, along with new theories of government, lead to changes in social structure that affected the relationship between the governing classes and the governed? (PP-1, PP-3, IS-1, IS-2, IS-5)

Urbanization from rural to urban areas due to the growth of cities and commerce altered the social structure by empowering the new middle class and diminishing the influence of hereditary nobility. New theories of government brought hierarchical city leadership, social stratification, and increased social inequality.

As cities formed, hierarchical leadership with laws and organized religion influenced behavior, creating societal norms. The growth of institutions and alliances among cities eventually led to the formation of early states and empires.

Population growth and urbanization led to significant changes in social, political, and economic aspects, affecting urban and rural dwellers differently over time.

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