Bryophytes are constrained on land due to their reliance on water for reproduction, lack of roots for nutrient absorption, and absence of a soil environment for proper growth.
Bryophytes are poorly developed on land due to their dependence on water for reproduction and nutrient absorption, stemming from the lack of roots for water and mineral uptake as well as a deficiency in lignin-reinforced conducting cells. This limitation restricts bryophytes to small sizes and prevents them from expanding their habitat range without water.
Furthermore, bryophytes lack a soil environment which is crucial for nutrient acquisition and support for plant growth. As one of the first organisms to colonize land when soils did not yet exist, bryophytes' growth and development were hindered by this lack of a stable soil structure.
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