The life-course/developmental perspective on criminal behavior emphasizes the influence of age, peer relationships, and societal ties on offending rates.
The life-course/developmental perspective indicates that age plays a significant role in criminal behavior. Offending rates are highest in late teens and early twenties, decreasing as individuals age. Research suggests that arrest and imprisonment can increase the likelihood of future offending, as labeling theory posits.
Factors such as peer relationships, employment status, and ties to conventional society influence criminal behavior. Young adults may turn to crime due to financial needs, peer influence, and lack of strong ties to conventional society. Conversely, as individuals age, responsibilities like marriage, children, and employment increase their conformity to societal norms.
Differential association theory explains that individuals choose criminal paths when exposed to more pro-criminal influences than anti-criminal ones. Individuals are more likely to engage in criminal activities if surrounded by high-status criminals early in life.
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