In later caliphates of Islamic Empires, non-Muslims paid extra taxes like Jizya but were allowed to practice their religions and had communal autonomy.
In later caliphates in Islamic Empires, non-Muslims were subjected to paying extra taxes, known as Jizya, and property taxes like kharaj. However, they were generally allowed to practice their religions and retain communal autonomy under Islamic rule. Non-Muslims were considered 'dhimmis' and, while facing economic pressure to convert to Islam due to lower tax rates for Muslims, they were protected and respected to some extent in terms of religion.
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