Final answer:
Mass extinctions can be caused by volcanic eruptions, extraterrestrial impacts, and climate change.
Explanation:
Mass extinctions can be caused by various factors:
- Volcanic eruptions: Massive volcanic events have been implicated in several mass extinctions, causing rapid cooling, temperature increases, oceanic anoxia, and acid rain.
- Extraterrestrial impact: Events such as asteroid impacts, like the one that caused the end of the Cretaceous mass extinction, can throw dust into the atmosphere, leading to climate changes.
- Climate change: Global climate change, whether caused by volcanic activity, asteroid impacts, or other factors, can also contribute to mass extinctions.
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