Answer :

Final answer:

The challenges for political leadership in Melanesian societies involve conflict management, ineffective state institutions, and balancing traditional and modern society.


Explanation:

Major challenges facing political leadership in Melanesian societies today compared to the pre-contact period:

  1. Conflict Management: Dealing with endemic violence impeding progress.
  2. Ineffective State Institutions: Formal state institutions have deficiencies affecting governance.
  3. Customary vs. Modern Society: Balancing traditional ways with the demands of modern society in the era of globalization.

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