This detailed answer explains the difference between independent and dependent clauses, as well as phrases in English grammar.
An independent clause (or main clause) is a group of words including a subject and a verb that can stand on its own. [The boy threw the ball].
A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is a group of words including a subject and a verb that cannot stand on its own. It must be connected to the independent clause, and it can act as a noun, as an adjective, or as an adverb. [The boy threw the ball] [while his teammate was running toward him].
Phrases, on the other hand, lack a subject or a verb, or both, so they need to relate to or modify other parts of the sentence.
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