Nucleophiles donate electron pairs, electrophiles seek electron pairs, and free radicals contain unpaired electrons.
Nucleophiles are atoms or molecules with an electron pair available for bonding. Two examples are hydroxide ion (OH-) and ammonia (NH3).
Electrophiles are electron-deficient species that seek an electron pair. Examples include hydrogen ion (H+) and carbocations like CH3+.
Free radicals are highly reactive species with unpaired electrons. Examples include methyl radical (CH3•) and hydroxyl radical (OH•).
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