Answer :
Sure, let's analyze each of the statements and determine which ones are correct.
1. The conditional probability formula is [tex]\( P(X \mid Y) = \frac{P(X \cap Y)}{P(Y)}. - Let's rewrite the given formula with proper notation and check its correctness: \[ P(X \mid Y) = \frac{P(X \cap Y)}{P(Y)} \] Yes, this is the correct formula for conditional probability. For events \(X\)[/tex] and [tex]\(Y\)[/tex], [tex]\( P(X \mid Y) \)[/tex] represents the probability of [tex]\(X\)[/tex] given that [tex]\(Y\)[/tex] has occurred and is calculated as the ratio of the probability of both events happening together, [tex]\( P(X \cap Y) \)[/tex], to the probability of [tex]\(Y\)[/tex]. So, this statement is correct.
2. The conditional probabilities [tex]\( P(D \mid N) \)[/tex] and [tex]\( P(N \mid D) \)[/tex] are equal for any events [tex]\( D \)[/tex] and [tex]\( N \)[/tex].
- This statement needs careful consideration. The probability [tex]\( P(D \mid N) \)[/tex] represents the probability of [tex]\( D \)[/tex] given [tex]\( N \)[/tex], and [tex]\( P(N \mid D) \)[/tex] represents the probability of [tex]\( N \)[/tex] given [tex]\( D \)[/tex]. In general, [tex]\( P(D \mid N) \)[/tex] is not necessarily equal to [tex]\( P(N \mid D) \)[/tex] unless certain conditions (such as the independence of events) hold true. Therefore, this statement is incorrect.
3. The notation [tex]\( P(R \mid S) \)[/tex] indicates the probability of event [tex]\( R \)[/tex], given that event [tex]\( S \)[/tex] has already occurred.
- Let's verify this notation. The notation [tex]\( P(R \mid S) \)[/tex] is indeed used to indicate the probability of event [tex]\( R \)[/tex] occurring given that event [tex]\( S \)[/tex] has already occurred. Therefore, this statement is correct.
4. Conditional probability applies only to independent events.
- This statement is false. Conditional probability is a concept that applies even to dependent events. In fact, it becomes particularly meaningful in scenarios where events are dependent. Therefore, this statement is incorrect.
5. Conditional probabilities can be calculated using a Venn diagram.
- We can indeed use Venn diagrams as a visual tool to help calculate and understand conditional probabilities by visualizing the overlap between different events. Thus, this statement is correct.
Thus, putting it all together:
- The correct statements are:
- The notation [tex]\( P(R \mid S) \)[/tex] indicates the probability of event [tex]\( R \)[/tex], given that event [tex]\( S \)[/tex] has already occurred. (Statement 3)
- Conditional probabilities can be calculated using a Venn diagram. (Statement 5)
So, the correct statements are: 3 and 5.
1. The conditional probability formula is [tex]\( P(X \mid Y) = \frac{P(X \cap Y)}{P(Y)}. - Let's rewrite the given formula with proper notation and check its correctness: \[ P(X \mid Y) = \frac{P(X \cap Y)}{P(Y)} \] Yes, this is the correct formula for conditional probability. For events \(X\)[/tex] and [tex]\(Y\)[/tex], [tex]\( P(X \mid Y) \)[/tex] represents the probability of [tex]\(X\)[/tex] given that [tex]\(Y\)[/tex] has occurred and is calculated as the ratio of the probability of both events happening together, [tex]\( P(X \cap Y) \)[/tex], to the probability of [tex]\(Y\)[/tex]. So, this statement is correct.
2. The conditional probabilities [tex]\( P(D \mid N) \)[/tex] and [tex]\( P(N \mid D) \)[/tex] are equal for any events [tex]\( D \)[/tex] and [tex]\( N \)[/tex].
- This statement needs careful consideration. The probability [tex]\( P(D \mid N) \)[/tex] represents the probability of [tex]\( D \)[/tex] given [tex]\( N \)[/tex], and [tex]\( P(N \mid D) \)[/tex] represents the probability of [tex]\( N \)[/tex] given [tex]\( D \)[/tex]. In general, [tex]\( P(D \mid N) \)[/tex] is not necessarily equal to [tex]\( P(N \mid D) \)[/tex] unless certain conditions (such as the independence of events) hold true. Therefore, this statement is incorrect.
3. The notation [tex]\( P(R \mid S) \)[/tex] indicates the probability of event [tex]\( R \)[/tex], given that event [tex]\( S \)[/tex] has already occurred.
- Let's verify this notation. The notation [tex]\( P(R \mid S) \)[/tex] is indeed used to indicate the probability of event [tex]\( R \)[/tex] occurring given that event [tex]\( S \)[/tex] has already occurred. Therefore, this statement is correct.
4. Conditional probability applies only to independent events.
- This statement is false. Conditional probability is a concept that applies even to dependent events. In fact, it becomes particularly meaningful in scenarios where events are dependent. Therefore, this statement is incorrect.
5. Conditional probabilities can be calculated using a Venn diagram.
- We can indeed use Venn diagrams as a visual tool to help calculate and understand conditional probabilities by visualizing the overlap between different events. Thus, this statement is correct.
Thus, putting it all together:
- The correct statements are:
- The notation [tex]\( P(R \mid S) \)[/tex] indicates the probability of event [tex]\( R \)[/tex], given that event [tex]\( S \)[/tex] has already occurred. (Statement 3)
- Conditional probabilities can be calculated using a Venn diagram. (Statement 5)
So, the correct statements are: 3 and 5.
