Below are statements referring to the evolution of species. Decide if the statement applies to Darwin, Lamarck, or both scientists.

a) Only the fittest individuals with the most advantageous characteristics survive in a changing environment.

b) All members are slightly different and these differences accumulate over time, changing their appearance.

c) A whale's hind limbs were severely reduced because they no longer used legs in the water.

d) Species acquire bigger and better structures by the increase in their use and pass these structures on to their offspring.

Note: The formation of a new species is called speciation. You have already learned that variation in individuals is caused by sexual reproduction, genetic mutations, and crossing over, and these variations are kept within populations.

Darwin and Lamarck are two prominent scientists known for their contributions to the theory of evolution. Both scientists have distinct ideas about how species evolve:

Darwin: Proposed natural selection, where individuals with advantageous characteristics survive and reproduce, passing on these traits to offspring. This process allows traits to accumulate in a population over time.
Lamarck: Suggested that acquired characteristics during an individual's lifetime are passed on to offspring. For example, he proposed that a whale's hind limbs were reduced due to the disuse of legs in water.

Therefore, statement a applies to Darwin, statement b applies to both Darwin and Lamarck, statement c applies to Lamarck, and statement d applies to Lamarck.

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