John Howard's ideas on punishment reform, General Deterrence Theory by Beccaria and Bentham, and Foucault's insights on discipline as a means of control are key concepts in the history of criminal justice reforms.
John Howard was credited with the ideas that people should know precisely what punishment was prescribed for specific offenses, and that the severity of a punishment should fit the crime. Howard's efforts led to significant reforms in the criminal justice system, advocating for humane and proportional punishments.
Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham, influential utilitarian philosophers of the eighteenth century, developed the General Deterrence Theory (GDT), emphasizing that punishments should be swift, certain, and severe to deter criminal behavior through a rational cost-benefit analysis.
Michel Foucault, a social theorist, highlighted in his seminal work Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison the transition from a focus on the death penalty to discipline as a form of power in controlling deviant behaviors.
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