Final answer:
A digital controller comprises input, microprocessor, and output modules in a control system with microcontrollers playing a crucial role. Microcontrollers act as miniature computers, managing data and control functions, while digital I/O ports facilitate communication with external devices through binary signals and communication protocols.
Explanation:
Digital controller consists of three major components: input module, microprocessor, and output module. In a measurement and control system, signals are processed by a central control unit like a microcontroller to control actuators such as valves, using data from sensors.
Microcontrollers are miniature computers with a CPU, memory units, and I/O hardware. They handle data, instructions, and addresses, executing functions like computation and system control.
Digital input and output ports connect microcontrollers with external devices using binary signals, enabling communication and control through protocols like UART, USB, I²C, and SPI.
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