Final answer:
Sickle-cell anemia involves a single amino acid substitution in the hemoglobin molecule, leading to distorted red blood cells.
Explanation:
Sickle-cell anemia is caused by a single amino acid substitution in the hemoglobin molecule, resulting in the replacement of glutamic acid with valine in the β-chain. This subtle change leads to the formation of dysfunctional hemoglobin proteins that can distort red blood cells into sickle shapes.
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