Answer :
Sure, let's take each chemical reaction one by one and detail the oxidation and reduction processes, the oxidation numbers of the elements involved, and the change in oxidation numbers.
### 1. [tex]\( C + O_2 \rightarrow CO_2 \)[/tex]
Identifying oxidation and reduction:
- Oxidation: An element's oxidation number increases.
- Reduction: An element's oxidation number decreases.
Oxidation States:
- Carbon (C):
- Reactant side: [tex]\( C \)[/tex] has an oxidation number of 0.
- Product side: In [tex]\( CO_2 \)[/tex], the oxidation number of carbon is +4.
Change for Carbon: [tex]\( 0 \rightarrow +4 \)[/tex].
- Oxygen (O):
- Reactant side: [tex]\( O_2 \)[/tex] (molecular oxygen) has an oxidation number of 0.
- Product side: In [tex]\( CO_2 \)[/tex], each oxygen atom has an oxidation number of -2.
Change for Oxygen: [tex]\( 0 \rightarrow -2 \)[/tex].
Summary:
- Oxidized: Carbon (its oxidation number increases from 0 to +4, indicating it loses electrons).
- Reduced: Oxygen (its oxidation number decreases from 0 to -2, indicating it gains electrons).
---
### 2. [tex]\( Fe + CuCl_2 \rightarrow FeCl_2 + Cu \)[/tex]
Oxidation States:
- Iron (Fe):
- Reactant side: [tex]\( Fe \)[/tex] has an oxidation number of 0.
- Product side: In [tex]\( FeCl_2 \)[/tex], the oxidation number of iron is +2.
Change for Iron: [tex]\( 0 \rightarrow +2 \)[/tex].
- Copper (Cu):
- Reactant side: In [tex]\( CuCl_2 \)[/tex], the oxidation number of copper is +2.
- Product side: [tex]\( Cu \)[/tex] has an oxidation number of 0.
Change for Copper: [tex]\( +2 \rightarrow 0 \)[/tex].
Summary:
- Oxidized: Iron (its oxidation number increases from 0 to +2, indicating it loses electrons).
- Reduced: Copper (its oxidation number decreases from +2 to 0, indicating it gains electrons).
---
### 3. [tex]\( 2 H_2O \rightarrow 2 H_2 + O_2 \)[/tex]
Oxidation States:
- Hydrogen (H):
- Reactant side: Each [tex]\( H \)[/tex] in [tex]\( H_2O \)[/tex] has an oxidation number of +1.
- Product side: In [tex]\( H_2 \)[/tex] (molecular hydrogen), the oxidation number is 0.
Change for Hydrogen: [tex]\( +1 \rightarrow 0 \)[/tex].
- Oxygen (O):
- Reactant side: Each [tex]\( O \)[/tex] in [tex]\( H_2O \)[/tex] has an oxidation number of -2.
- Product side: In [tex]\( O_2 \)[/tex] (molecular oxygen), the oxidation number is 0.
Change for Oxygen: [tex]\( -2 \rightarrow 0 \)[/tex].
Summary:
- Oxidized: Oxygen (its oxidation number increases from -2 to 0, indicating it loses electrons).
- Reduced: Hydrogen (its oxidation number decreases from +1 to 0, indicating it gains electrons).
### Consolidated Summary of Changes:
1. [tex]\( C + O_2 \rightarrow CO_2 \)[/tex]
- Carbon: 0 to +4 (oxidized)
- Oxygen: 0 to -2 (reduced)
2. [tex]\( Fe + CuCl_2 \rightarrow FeCl_2 + Cu \)[/tex]
- Iron: 0 to +2 (oxidized)
- Copper: +2 to 0 (reduced)
3. [tex]\( 2 H_2O \rightarrow 2 H_2 + O_2 \)[/tex]
- Hydrogen: +1 to 0 (reduced)
- Oxygen: -2 to 0 (oxidized)
These observations confirm which elements are undergoing oxidation and which are undergoing reduction based on their changes in oxidation numbers.
### 1. [tex]\( C + O_2 \rightarrow CO_2 \)[/tex]
Identifying oxidation and reduction:
- Oxidation: An element's oxidation number increases.
- Reduction: An element's oxidation number decreases.
Oxidation States:
- Carbon (C):
- Reactant side: [tex]\( C \)[/tex] has an oxidation number of 0.
- Product side: In [tex]\( CO_2 \)[/tex], the oxidation number of carbon is +4.
Change for Carbon: [tex]\( 0 \rightarrow +4 \)[/tex].
- Oxygen (O):
- Reactant side: [tex]\( O_2 \)[/tex] (molecular oxygen) has an oxidation number of 0.
- Product side: In [tex]\( CO_2 \)[/tex], each oxygen atom has an oxidation number of -2.
Change for Oxygen: [tex]\( 0 \rightarrow -2 \)[/tex].
Summary:
- Oxidized: Carbon (its oxidation number increases from 0 to +4, indicating it loses electrons).
- Reduced: Oxygen (its oxidation number decreases from 0 to -2, indicating it gains electrons).
---
### 2. [tex]\( Fe + CuCl_2 \rightarrow FeCl_2 + Cu \)[/tex]
Oxidation States:
- Iron (Fe):
- Reactant side: [tex]\( Fe \)[/tex] has an oxidation number of 0.
- Product side: In [tex]\( FeCl_2 \)[/tex], the oxidation number of iron is +2.
Change for Iron: [tex]\( 0 \rightarrow +2 \)[/tex].
- Copper (Cu):
- Reactant side: In [tex]\( CuCl_2 \)[/tex], the oxidation number of copper is +2.
- Product side: [tex]\( Cu \)[/tex] has an oxidation number of 0.
Change for Copper: [tex]\( +2 \rightarrow 0 \)[/tex].
Summary:
- Oxidized: Iron (its oxidation number increases from 0 to +2, indicating it loses electrons).
- Reduced: Copper (its oxidation number decreases from +2 to 0, indicating it gains electrons).
---
### 3. [tex]\( 2 H_2O \rightarrow 2 H_2 + O_2 \)[/tex]
Oxidation States:
- Hydrogen (H):
- Reactant side: Each [tex]\( H \)[/tex] in [tex]\( H_2O \)[/tex] has an oxidation number of +1.
- Product side: In [tex]\( H_2 \)[/tex] (molecular hydrogen), the oxidation number is 0.
Change for Hydrogen: [tex]\( +1 \rightarrow 0 \)[/tex].
- Oxygen (O):
- Reactant side: Each [tex]\( O \)[/tex] in [tex]\( H_2O \)[/tex] has an oxidation number of -2.
- Product side: In [tex]\( O_2 \)[/tex] (molecular oxygen), the oxidation number is 0.
Change for Oxygen: [tex]\( -2 \rightarrow 0 \)[/tex].
Summary:
- Oxidized: Oxygen (its oxidation number increases from -2 to 0, indicating it loses electrons).
- Reduced: Hydrogen (its oxidation number decreases from +1 to 0, indicating it gains electrons).
### Consolidated Summary of Changes:
1. [tex]\( C + O_2 \rightarrow CO_2 \)[/tex]
- Carbon: 0 to +4 (oxidized)
- Oxygen: 0 to -2 (reduced)
2. [tex]\( Fe + CuCl_2 \rightarrow FeCl_2 + Cu \)[/tex]
- Iron: 0 to +2 (oxidized)
- Copper: +2 to 0 (reduced)
3. [tex]\( 2 H_2O \rightarrow 2 H_2 + O_2 \)[/tex]
- Hydrogen: +1 to 0 (reduced)
- Oxygen: -2 to 0 (oxidized)
These observations confirm which elements are undergoing oxidation and which are undergoing reduction based on their changes in oxidation numbers.
