In order to determine in which cases an Intermediate licensed driver is not permitted to drive, we will analyze each scenario provided:
1. A licensed driver age 23 is in the front passenger seat.
- An intermediate driver is allowed to drive if a licensed driver of age 23 is in the front passenger seat. This scenario is permitted.
2. He or she is age 16 and the time is 11:15 p.m.
- Curfew laws for intermediate drivers generally restrict driving late at night. For a driver age 16, being on the road at 11:15 p.m. is not allowed. This scenario is not permitted.
3. He or she is age 17 and the time is 12:45 a.m.
- Similar to the previous case, curfew laws typically restrict driving late at night. For a driver age 17, driving at 12:45 a.m. is also not permitted. This scenario is not permitted.
4. He or she is driving to work.
- Driving to work is generally considered an exception to the curfew rules. An intermediate driver is allowed to drive if they are heading to work. This scenario is permitted.
Based on this analysis, the cases in which an Intermediate licensed driver is not permitted to drive are:
- He or she is age 16 and the time is 11:15 p.m.
- He or she is age 17 and the time is 12:45 a.m.
Therefore, the correct answers are cases 2 and 3.
