Answer :
Final answer:
Antibodies are specific to the shape of proteins on pathogens, hindering their effectiveness against different pathogens due to mutations. Pathogens evolving rapidly can alter their surface markers, reducing antibody recognition and immune system response.
Explanation:
Antibodies are produced in response to specific antigens on pathogens, allowing them to bind to and neutralize the pathogen. These antibodies are specific for the shape of the proteins present on a particular pathogen, making them ineffective against different pathogens with different proteins. As pathogens mutate, they can change their surface markers, making it challenging for antibodies to recognize and fight them effectively.
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