Dry clay soil forming hard clumps indicates the presence of clay minerals with strong cohesive properties.
Clay soil that is dry and falls into hard clumps can indicate the presence of clay minerals, which are known for their strong cohesive properties due to layered metal silicates held together by electrostatic forces. This cohesion causes the soil to form hard clumps that are difficult to break up. Unlike sand, which easily falls apart due to a lack of significant forces holding the grains together, clay soil exhibits cohesive behavior.
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