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Regulation of the cell cycle is a very important aspect of the health of a multicellular organism. As such, there is a good deal of redundancy found within the cell to ensure that cells don't grow in an uncontrolled fashion. Given this topic, which of the following are true?

A. Cyclins and Cdks induce apoptosis in response to DNA damage.
B. The protein p53 can halt cell cycle progression and is a tumor suppressor.
C. All types of cancer are caused by mutations in proto-oncogenes.
D. For the cell to progress through the cell cycle, the retinoblastoma (Rb) gene must be activated.
E. Hormones do not play a role in promoting cell cycle progression.



Answer :

GinnyAnswer

Final answer:

Key negative regulatory molecules like Rb, p53, and p21 play vital roles in halting cell cycle progression in response to DNA damage.


Explanation:

The best understood negative regulatory molecules in the cell cycle are retinoblastoma protein (Rb), p53, and p21. These proteins play crucial roles in regulating the cell cycle by halting progression when needed, particularly at the G₁ checkpoint. When there is DNA damage, p53 can trigger apoptosis to prevent the replication of damaged DNA. Additionally, p53 can halt the cell cycle and recruit enzymes for DNA repair.


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