Which of the following activities would not constitute human subjects research under the Common Rule?
- A study using a quality of life questionnaire in which the participants reveal answers about how they perceive their health during receipt of clinical care.
- A study of cancer rates across various states using only public health records.
- A study that requires collecting a portion of a participant's health information obtained during standard clinical care.
- Research involving the implantation and study of an investigational pacemaker.