Policy formulation involves a deliberative and collaborative process, influenced by stakeholder consultations, political discussions, and imposition by elites, whereas implementation and administration are not part of policy formulation.
Policy formulation involves a deliberative and collaborative process to articulate policies, which can be influenced through stakeholder consultations, political discussions, and imposition by elites. However, implementation and administration are not typically considered as ways through which education policies are formulated. Instead, they come after policy formulation in the process.
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