Answer :
The correct answer is Institutional discrimination.
Institutional discrimination consists of the day-to-day practices of organizations that have a harmful impact on members of subordinate groups. This type of discrimination is embedded within the policies, procedures, and practices of institutions, leading to unequal treatment and outcomes for certain groups of people based on factors like race, gender, or ethnicity.
An example of institutional discrimination could be seen in hiring practices that systematically disadvantage certain groups, such as women or minorities, by having biased recruitment processes or lack of diversity initiatives within the organization. This can result in unequal opportunities and barriers to advancement for these groups.
In contrast, individual discrimination refers to the discriminatory actions of specific individuals towards others based on characteristics like race or religion. Case-by-case discrimination is a term that doesn't specifically refer to a recognized type of discrimination, and customized discrimination is not a commonly used term in the context of discrimination practices.
