In "Cranes" and "Thoughts of Hanoi," the effects of war are contrasted in different ways. In "Cranes," the impact of war is shown through the personal relationship between two friends, one of whom is at risk of being executed due to political tensions. This story highlights the human cost of war, emphasizing loss and the struggle for peace amid conflict. On the other hand, "Thoughts of Hanoi" explores the broader societal consequences of war, focusing on the city of Hanoi and its people coping with the aftermath of conflict. It delves into themes of rebuilding, resilience, and the scars left by war on a community level. In contrast, "Tokyo" presents a different perspective by portraying the effects of war through the lens of a bustling city adapting to post-war changes and modernization. This work reflects on the transformation and renewal that can arise from the destruction caused by war, illustrating resilience and adaptation in the face of adversity. Each of these works offers unique insights into the diverse impacts of war on individuals, communities, and cities, showcasing varying responses to conflict and its aftermath.