The political policy of realpolitik under Otto von Bismarck led to the rise of Germany as a nation-state. Here's how:
1. Realpolitik: Realpolitik is a practical and realistic approach to politics that focuses on achieving goals by any means necessary, even if it involves tactics that may be perceived as ruthless or amoral.
2. Otto von Bismarck: Bismarck, the Chancellor of the German Empire, was a master of realpolitik. He used this approach to unify the German states under Prussian leadership through a series of wars and diplomatic maneuvers in the mid-19th century.
3. Rise of Germany: By employing realpolitik strategies, Bismarck orchestrated the unification of Germany in 1871, creating the German Empire. This marked the emergence of Germany as a powerful and unified nation-state in Europe, altering the balance of power on the continent.
Therefore, the correct answer is d. Germany, as realpolitik under Bismarck played a pivotal role in the rise of Germany as a nation-state during that period.
