Answer :
Final answer:
The Sui and Song Dynasties centralized rule in China through civil service exams and bureaucratic structures.
Explanation:
Two ways the Sui and Song Dynasties instituted centralized rule in China were through the establishment of a merit-based civil service examination system and the implementation of a bureaucracy that effectively managed the vast territory. For example, the civil service exam allowed individuals from various backgrounds to enter government service based on merit rather than solely on noble birth, ensuring a more efficient administration. Additionally, the bureaucratic structure helped maintain control and enforce policies throughout the empire.
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