Answer :
Final answer:
Groupthink was the main cause of the poor decisions in the Watergate cover-up, Challenger disaster, and Bay of Pigs invasion. Irving Janis identified symptoms and factors contributing to groupthink, along with strategies to prevent it.
Explanation:
Groupthink was the primary factor contributing to the poor decisions made in the Watergate cover-up, the Challenger disaster, and the Bay of Pigs invasion. Groupthink is a phenomenon where group members prioritize harmony and conformity over critical evaluation of alternative viewpoints, leading to flawed decision-making.
Irving Janis identified symptoms of groupthink, such as overestimating the group's abilities, biased perceptions of outsiders, conformity pressures, and poor decision-making methods. Factors like cohesion, isolation, biased leadership, and decisional stress also contribute to groupthink.
Strategies to avoid groupthink include seeking outside opinions, voting in private, withholding the leader's position statements until all members speak, researching all viewpoints, evaluating costs and benefits, and developing contingency plans.
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