Activity: Read each of the following paragraphs. On the line after each one, write whether the main pattern of organization is (1) analysis (2) description (3) comparison and contrast (4) analogy, or (5) definition.

1. English is clearly an international language. It is spoken by pilots and airport control operators on all the airways of the world. Over 70 percent of the world's mail is written in English and more than 60 percent of the world's radio programs are in English.

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2. The human vocal apparatus is often compared to a wind instrument. The lungs are the bellows and the larynx is the reed. The pharynx, mouth, and nose form resonating chambers. The wind instrument is not fully formed at birth. The vocal cords, for example, are shorter than in later life. The change of voice that an adolescent boy undergoes is evidence of how long this instrument continues to develop after birth.

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Descriptive Linguistics: This paragraph discusses the study of language structures, focusing on phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics in descriptive linguistics. Linguists analyze phonemes, vocabulary (lexicon), word formation (morphology), sentence structure (syntax), and meaning conveyance (semantics, pragmatics) within social contexts.

Language Universals: Language is influenced by human anatomy and cognition, expressing comprehension of the world. Linguistic anthropologists seek common linguistic elements across languages due to shared human anatomy and cognitive abilities.

Phonetics and Phonology: The International Phonetic Alphabet aids in understanding speech sounds. Linguists analyze phones, phonemes, minimal pairs, and allophonic variations to study phonological data and contrastive sounds in language.

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