Answer :
Answer:
Option B, more; low; overload
Explanation:
Psychotic water drinking, an excess of intravenous (IV) fluids, and low urination frequency and output due to kidney pathologies or SIADH all can lead to a buildup of fluid within the body, potentially causing signs and symptoms of fluid volume overload.
Psychotic water drinking, also known as psychogenic polydipsia, is the excess consumption of water thought to be associated with certain mental health disorders, such as schizophrenia. If this water intake severely outweighs urine output, the patient's interstitial tissues and bloodstream will become fluid volume overloaded. This excess water in the bloodstream can dilute the contents of the blood and lead to hyponatremia, a type of electrolyte imbalance in which the blood contains insufficient levels of sodium. If not corrected, this imbalance can lead to water intoxication, which can be fatal.
The administration of IV fluids outweighing urine output can also cause fluid volume overload. If the fluids are being introduced into the bloodstream at a rate that far exceeds the rate at which urine is being produced and excreted, the fluid will remain in the bloodstream or be shunted into the interstitial tissues leading to edema (swelling) in the patient's periphery (arms and legs) or possibly even their lungs (pulmonary edema).
The two above conditions involved urine output being less than ideal so lower urination itself, whether due to renal issues (e.g. kidney failure) or SIADH (the brain secretes too much of the hormone that tells the kidneys to reduce their production and excretion of urine) can, of course, also lead to fluid volume overload.
In full, the sentence is correctly filled in words in option B. Psychotic water drinking, more IV fluid, or low urination caused by kidney failure or SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone) can cause a fluid volume overload.
Psychotic water drinking, more IV fluid, low or urination caused by kidney failure or SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone) can cause a fluid volume overload.
Psychotic water drinking or increased IV fluid intake, along with conditions like SIADH, can lead to fluid volume overload due to increased water retention and low urine output. The correct completions are 'more', 'low', and 'overload'. Excess ADH in SIADH leads to water retention and fluid overload.
Psychotic water drinking or increased IV fluid intake, along with conditions like SIADH, which results in low urine output, can lead to fluid volume overload.
Detailed Explanation
Conditions such as SIADH produce excess antidiuretic hormone (ADH), leading to retention of water by the kidneys and hyponatremia. This inappropriate retention of water causes fluid volume overload, particularly in comparison to the normal production and excretion processes. Excess water intake and low urine output are key components in creating an imbalance, resulting in fluid overload.
In contrast, insufficient ADH secretion or kidney insensitivity to ADH leads to diabetes insipidus, characterized by the excretion of large volumes of dilute urine, resulting in potential dehydration if fluid intake does not meet the excessive urinary output.
